（论述题）洋务运动的指导思想和洋务派举办的洋务事业。
20世纪中国经历的三次历史性巨大变化。
“三个代表”重要思想的提出及其意义。
中共八大如何分析我国社会主义改造完成后国内的主要矛盾和主要任务？
毛泽东提出的社会主义现代化建设的战略目标和步骤。
毛泽东关于正确区分社会主义社会两类不同性质矛盾学说的主要内容及意义。
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洋务运动的历史作用及其失败
（1）指导思想：冯桂芬对兴办洋务事业的指导思想最先作出比较完整的表述。他说，以中国之伦常名教为原本，辅以诸国富强之术。这个思想后来被进一步概括为“中学为体，西学为用”。
（2）洋务事业：①兴办近代企业。江南制造总局是洋务派办的第一个规模较大可称之为近代军事工业的兵工厂；
②建立新式海陆军。到19世纪90年代，分别 建成福建水师、广东水师、南洋水师、北洋水师。其中，北洋水师是清政府海军的主力，一直由李鸿章管辖；③创办新式学堂、派遣留学生。
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