英雄史诗
湖畔派
拜伦式英雄
战后派
新感觉派。
埃及现代派
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二、中古文学概况
（1）依据其内容和产生的时间，一般分为早期英雄史诗和后期英雄史诗两种。
（2）早期英雄史诗形成与中世纪初期，史诗具有较多的神话因素、多神教成分和异教色彩。其中著名的有盎格鲁·萨克逊人的《贝奥武甫》、日耳曼的《希尔德布兰特之歌》、芬兰的《卡列瓦拉》、冰岛的“埃达”和“萨迦”等。
（3）后期英雄史诗产生于中世纪中期，是封建制度发展以后的产物。史诗的中心主题是爱国主义。最著名的史诗有法国的《罗兰之歌》、西班牙的《熙德之歌》、德国的《尼伯龙根之歌》和俄罗斯的《伊戈尔远征记》。
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- 材料全屏 Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐动物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(鱼龙) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(页岩)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【单选】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the _____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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