“乐府”
《庄子》
《战国策》
花间词派
唐传奇
变文
题目
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一、乐府释义及汉乐府概况
（1）“乐府”，本是上古掌管音乐的行政机关。西汉的乐官有太乐令和乐府令；东汉壮观音乐的机构，分为太予乐署和黄门鼓吹署；到晋、宋之际，人们把乐府演唱的歌诗也即称之为乐府，于是乐府又成为诗体的名称；（1分）
（2）乐府机关汇集了大量的民歌和贵族、文人创作，如何分类编辑呢？据现存史料，较早给汉乐府分类的是东汉末年的蔡邕，他分为四类：大予乐、周颂雅乐、黄门鼓吹和短箫铙歌；（1分）
（3）汉乐府的精华是民歌，他们大多保存在相和歌辞里。（1分）
多做几道
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- 材料全屏 Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐动物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(鱼龙) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(页岩)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【单选】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the _____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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