试述问题认定的步骤。
试述问题认定的步骤。
试述大众传播与公共政策的关系。
论述学习公共政策学的必要性或基本意义。
在运用矛盾分析方法进行公共政策分析时，需要做到哪些？
简述公共政策执行的含义和本质。
题目
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问题认定的含义、方法与步骤
问题的认定、界定或形成，也是问题构建的过程。问题构建往往需要构建者能运用创造性的判断力和洞察力。邓恩把问题认定分为四个相互衔接的步骤：问题搜索、问题决定、问题详述与问题感知，并不断地从原问题到实质问题、正规问题和问题情势进行逐步深入、具体的构建或界定。
帕顿和沙维奇把问题认定划分为以下七个步骤：
（1）对拟认定的问题进行初步观察；
（2）勾勒出该问题的边界的轮廓；
（3）搜寻事实依据；
（4）列举目的和目标；
（5）明确政策封套；
（6）匡算政策相关者潜在的成本和收益。
（7）再次审视对该问题的表述。
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