简述契诃夫短篇小说的创作特色。
简析《悲惨世界》的主题。
简述当代东方文学的基本特征。
简述现代东方文学的基本特征。
简述近代东方文学的基本特征。
简述中古东方文学的基本特征。
题目
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二、多元文学的发展概况
（1）他的小说多选取普通生活中的平常事，通过人物对话和细节的朴素描绘，自然而然地反映社会现象背后的善恶是非，揭示出生活的本质，从而达到见微知著的艺术效果。（2分）
（2）契诃夫在短篇小说中采取不动声色的叙述态度，不论作者对所述故事及故事中的人物持肯定或否定、赞扬或批判、同情或憎恶的立场，他都能够做到含而不露，客观冷峻，不轻易发表议论，通过作品本身提供给读者判断依据。作者的主观态度完全融入冷静客观的艺术描写之中。（2分）
（3）契诃夫的小说没有大篇幅的景物描写，少见曲折离奇的情节，缺少变化剧烈的戏剧性冲突，语言简洁，不加缀饰。但人物性格特点却通过个性化语言得到了突出体现。（2分）
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