试述《史记》对材料的精彩剪裁和安排。
试述先秦散文繁荣的原因。
试述温庭筠词的艺术特征。
试述唐传奇发展的三个阶段及各阶段主要作家作品。
试述贾岛、姚合诗歌的区别。
试述韩愈诗歌的创新。
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一、精巧的剪裁和安排,二、刻画人物性格的几种经典手法
《史记》人物传记是以人物为核心,贯串事件。这就要求它既要保证历史事件叙述的完整和真实,又要展示历史人物在事件中悲欢离合的命运和鲜明性格。
(1)司马迁的第一个办法是,通过精湛的剪裁功夫来实现上述目的,例如《李将军列传》,记叙李广一生战功盖世却备受压抑的经历,司马迁在李广“与匈奴大小七十余战”中,选取四个战役构成全文的骨架,从不同侧面描述李广的性格和遭际:上郡之战,突出李广的“善射”本领和临危不惧、从容镇定的大将风度；雁门之战,显示李广的机智和应变才能;右北平之战,凸显李广的胆识和神威;从卫青袭击单于之战,则重点叙述李广遭遇的坎坷。四个战役展示了李广一生的主要经历,表现了他的主要性格特征。与此同时,司马迁在全文的主体内容之间,还精心穿插了一些其他事件:对比李广与程不识不同的带兵方法,写出他治军宽缓仁爱而得力的特点;杀霸陵尉,表现了李广的疏财爱士;与才能不及中人却封侯拜相的李蔡的对比,揭示了统治者的奖掖不公和李广遭际坎坷的原因;与望气者王朔的对话,又体现了李广对自身偃蹇命运的愤郁不平。这些既鲜明又完整地表现了李广思想性格、生平际遇的特点和全貌。（7分）
(2)《史记》的人物传记选用安排材料的另一个重要方法,是在本人的传记中表现这个人物主要的经历和性格特征，以突出其主要特点,而其他的一些事件和性格特点则置入别人的传记中去描述。这个方法被称为“互见法”。例如,《高祖本纪》主要写刘邦起义、征战、开国的经历,写他的知人善任,雄才大略,以及得天下后仁爱保民,稳固政权的政绩等等,正面表现一代开国帝王的风采。而刘邦性格中狡诈、阴刻、残忍、无赖的一面,则在其他人物的传记中表现。《项羽本纪》不仅通过范增之口写刘邦“贪于财货,好美姬”,并且展示了他的无情和无赖:比如楚汉彭城之战中,刘邦大败而逃,“道逢得孝惠、鲁元,乃载行。楚骑追汉王,汉王急,推堕孝惠,鲁元车下。滕公常下收载之,如是者三”。此外,《萧相国世家》还写了刘邦如何猜忌功臣，《淮阴侯列传》记述他不断以阴谋手段削夺韩信兵权,以及诛杀功臣的阴刻残忍。通过本传《史记》“互见法”的使用,既使人物的主要经历完整,主要性格特征鲜明突出,又展现了人物丰富的人生经历和多侧面的性格,使事件和人物均有血有肉,完整活泼。（7分）
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