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Piano

【*】For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlike string and wind instrument, the piano is completely self-sufficient, us it is able to play the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became the favorite household instrument of the nineteenth century.

【*】The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries--the spinet(小型立式钢琴), the dulcimer(洋琴), and the virginal(小键琴) In the seventeenth century the organ(管风琴), the clavichord(古钢琴), and the harpsichord(大键琴) became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic and powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.

【*】The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument) This instrument was called a piano e forte ( soft and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

【单选】

What does the passage mainly discuss?（）

The historical development of the piano

The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments

The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions

The popularity of the piano with composers

Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century?（）

The harpsichord

The spinet

The clavichord

The organ

The word"supplanted"in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（）

supported

promoted

replace

dominated

According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?（）

It was fragile

It lacked variety in tone

It sounded metallic

It could not produce a strong sound

According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano?（）

The introduction of pedals

The use of heavy wires

The use of felt-padded hammerheads

The metal frame construction

If snow and ice covered areas begin melting, ________

produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming

winter and spring

the warming effects increase

still surpass soot warming the world's climate during the last century

can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

A soot forcing is unusually effective, which_________

produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming

winter and spring

the warming effects increase

still surpass soot warming the world's climate during the last century

can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases________

produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming

winter and spring

the warming effects increase

still surpass soot warming the world's climate during the last century

can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

Warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in ________ at middle and high latitudes.

produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming

winter and spring

the warming effects increase

still surpass soot warming the world's climate during the last century

can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

The Disappearing Honeybee

Do you run away when you hear a bee buzzing? Many people do. A bee sting hurts and some people are allergic to bee venom(蜂毒). But did you know that bees are very important to humans? Honeybees do more than just make honey. They fly around and pollinate(传授花粉) flowers, plants, and trees. ___11___ One third of America's food supply is pollinated by the honeybee.

Have you seen or heard a honeybee lately? Bees are mysteriously disappearing in many parts of the world. Most people don't know about this problem. It is called Colony Collapse Disorder(CCD). Some North American beekeepers lost 80% of their hives(蜂巢)from 2006-2008.___12___.

The disappearance of the honeybee is a serious problem. Can you imagine never eating another blueberry? What about almonds and cherries? Without honeybees food prices will skyrocket(猛涨).___13___.

This problem affects other foods besides fresh produce. Imagine losing your favorite ice cream! Haagen Daaz is a famous ice cream company. Many of their flavors rely on the hard working honey bee. ___14___ They also created a website called helpthehoneybee.com.

Donating money to research is the most important thing humans can do to save the honeybees. Scientists need money to investigate the causes of Colony Collapse Disorder. Some scientists blame CCD on climate change. Others think pesticides(杀虫剂)are killing the bees.___15___Beekeepers transport their hives from place to place in order to pollinate plants year round.

Not everyone has money to donate regularly. There are other ways to help the honeybee. Spread the word, by telling your friends and family about the problem. Tell your teacher about the disappearing bees too. Maybe your class can write a letter to the government.

A. In 2008 Haagen Daaz began raising money for CCD

B. It is hard to pin down what has been causing honeybees to vanish

C. The poorest people always suffer the worst when there is a lack of food

D. Our fruits, nuts, and vegetables rely on these pollinators.

E. Commercial bee migration may also cause CCD.

F. Bees in Italy and Australia are disappearing too.