以《上书谏逐客》为例，理解并说明李斯散文的主要特点。
试述先秦散文繁荣的原因。
试述温庭筠词的艺术特征。
试述唐传奇发展的三个阶段及各阶段主要作家作品。
试述贾岛、姚合诗歌的区别。
试述韩愈诗歌的创新。
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秦代散文和李斯
（1）文章罗列众多事实，极力铺陈。以逐客不利于秦的统一中心，首先铺叙历史上客卿辅助秦国并使之国富兵强的事实，以明客卿不曾有负于秦；其次胪述秦始皇看重外国的玩好之物，却轻视客卿的事实，论定其重物轻人的错误；最后分析纳客和逐客的利害关系，指出逐客非但不利于秦的统一大业，还会使秦国趋于危亡。（7分）
（2）举重若轻，使重物与轻人形成鲜明对比，事理昭彰。例如文中就有这样的描写“今陛下致昆山之玉，有随、和之宝，垂明月之珠，服太阿之剑，乘纤离之马，建翠凤之旗……”大肆铺排秦王喜好外国珍宝、玩好、美色、音乐的事实，敷陈谐偶，颇具纵横家法。然后提出“今取人则不然，不问可否，不论曲直，非秦者去，为客者逐……”的秦王逐客的政令。（7分）
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- 材料全屏 Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐动物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(鱼龙) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(页岩)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【单选】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the _____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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