简述现实主义文学的基本特征。
简析《悲惨世界》的主题。
简述当代东方文学的基本特征。
简述现代东方文学的基本特征。
简述近代东方文学的基本特征。
简述中古东方文学的基本特征。
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二、现实主义文学的基本特征
1、思想特征：
（1）现实主义把文学作为分析与研究社会的手段，为人们提供了特定时代丰富多彩的社会历史画面，具有很高的认识价值；
（2）现实主义以人道主义思想为基本的价值取向。
2、艺术特征：
（1）现实主义文学强调客观真实地反映生活，注重细节的真实；
（2）现实主义文学重视人与社会环境的关系的描写，塑造典型环境中的典型性格。
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