简述组合规则和聚合规则的关系。
简述语言和民族文化的相互作用。
语言内部的词义形成从哪些方面受到民族文化的影响？
简述语素义和词义之间的关系。
为什么说在论元结构中谓词是处于支配地位的核心成分?
举例说明音位和音素的区别。
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2.2语法研究的角度和现象
组合规则和聚合规则是相互依存的:一方面可以说每个语法成分都处在既可能跟别的成分替换(聚合),又可能跟别的成分连接(组合)的关系之中;另一方面可以说聚合规则是潜在的,就像机器零件分门别类地存放在仓库里,组合规则是现实的,就像按图纸把零件组配成机器。把语法分成组合规则和聚合规则,就没有必要特别考虑形态了,词法中的构形问题和词类问题可归入聚合规则,而构词问题和一般说的句法结构问题就属于组合规则。
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- 材料全屏 Rare Fossil Record The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers(食腐动物)weathering before they can be fossilized Ichthyosaurs(鱼龙) had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures be-cause, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales(页岩)deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare else-where? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.11【单选】All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization except the _____Aspeed of buryingBconditions of the waterCrate at which soft tissues decayDcause of death of the animal
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